{"id":3511,"date":"2026-06-15T19:20:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T19:20:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/?p=3511"},"modified":"2026-06-15T19:20:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T19:20:54","slug":"roland-von-kurnatowski-sr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/","title":{"rendered":"Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Biography &#8211; Father of Theo Von"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. wasn\u2019t directly associated with the entertainment world. Instead, he became famous because of his son, named Theo Von. As his father, he is still very popular. Theo is a renowned comedian and podcast host. For the same reason, all of his family members have become famous. Speaking of Roland, he originated from Nicaragua and became a successful businessman in the USA.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though he always avoided the spotlight, his life story is considered to be very unusual. While he was alive, Roland was very influential in the entrepreneur space. He had a major impact on Theo Von\u2019s upbringing, who often talks about him in the interviews. Stay tuned if you\u2019re curious to know more about him. This biography blog entirely revolves around Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr_Biography_Wiki\" >Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Biography &amp; Wiki&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Early_Life_Upbringing\" >Early Life &amp; Upbringing&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Educational_Background\" >Educational Background&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr_Age_At_Death_Howd_He_Die\" >Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Age At Death &amp; How&#8217;d He Die?&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Physical_Appearance\" >Physical Appearance&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Family_Members_of_Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr\" >Family Members of Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Love_Life_Marriage_Kids\" >Love Life, Marriage, &amp; Kids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Rolands_Son_%E2%80%93_Who_Is_Theo_Von\" >Roland&#8217;s Son &#8211; Who Is Theo Von?&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Career_Professional_Journey\" >Career &amp; Professional Journey&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr_Net_Worth\" >Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Net Worth&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Social_Media_Handles\" >Social Media Handles&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Trivia\" >Trivia\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#How_did_his_son_become_famous\" >How did his son become famous?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#When_was_Roland_born\" >When was Roland born?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/roland-von-kurnatowski-sr\/#Who_was_he_married_to\" >Who was he married to?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr_Biography_Wiki\"><\/span><strong>Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Biography &amp; Wiki&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His full birth name was Roland Theodor Achilles Von Kurnatowski Senior. Speaking of which, he was born on November 28, 1912. His birthplace is situated in Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua. Roland went on to become a prominent American businessman.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be specific, his business ventures spanned the state of Louisiana. He was also the family patriarch. Sources claim that Roland had Polish ancestry. He earned mainstream popularity as the father of comedian Theo Von. In the end, he died due to cancer on August 18, 1996.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Field<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Details<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Full Name<\/td><td>Roland Theodor Achilles Von Kurnatowski Sr<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Date of Birth<\/td><td>November 28, 1912<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Died<\/td><td>August 18, 1996<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Age at death<\/td><td>83 years old<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Birthplace&nbsp;<\/td><td>Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nationality&nbsp;<\/td><td>American<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Profession<\/td><td>Businessman<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zodiac Sign&nbsp;<\/td><td>Sagittarius<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Marital Status<\/td><td>Divorced<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Early_Life_Upbringing\"><\/span><strong>Early Life &amp; Upbringing&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roland was briefly raised in Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua. He had European family roots. Specifically, he had Polish ancestry. Some years after his birth, Roland\u2019s family migrated to the USA. That\u2019s where he spent the rest of his early life and adulthood. In his family household, he experiences mixed cultures and heritage. While growing up, Roland was fascinated by entrepreneurs in the Industrial era. This sparked his passion and influenced his career choices later on.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Educational_Background\"><\/span><strong>Educational Background&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are no public records of Roland\u2019s educational background. He never revealed any details about his academics, and neither did his son. The names of the school and college institutions, along with his qualifications, are unknown.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr_Age_At_Death_Howd_He_Die\"><\/span><strong>Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Age At Death &amp; How&#8217;d He Die?&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His date of birth is recorded as November 28, 1912. Roland\u2019s death was witnessed on August 18, 1996. At the time of his death, he was 83 years old. His son, Theo Von, shared that the cause of death was cancer. Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr met his demise in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_Appearance\"><\/span><strong>Physical Appearance&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Height&nbsp;<\/td><td>5 feet and 10 inches<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Weight&nbsp;<\/td><td>80 kgs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hair Color<\/td><td>Gray&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Eye Color<\/td><td>Brown&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Skin Color<\/td><td>Fair complexion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Appearance&nbsp;<\/td><td>Average body build<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Family_Members_of_Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr\"><\/span><strong>Family Members of Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His father\u2019s name was Theodor Wilhelm Leo Von Kurnatowski. Roland\u2019s mother is identified as Lillian Maud Whittier. He had a total of three siblings. His sister\u2019s name is Evelyn Benham after marriage. Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr also had two brothers. Their names are Thilo Lothar Joachim Von Kurnatowski and Fritz Rudolph Leonhardt Von Kurnatowski, respectively.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Love_Life_Marriage_Kids\"><\/span><strong>Love Life, Marriage, &amp; Kids<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a long time, Roland was married to Gina Capitani. Eventually, the marriage fell apart. Their wedding date or reasons behind the divorce were never disclosed. Before their divorce, the couple welcomed two children into the world. The first son was Theo Von, a.k.a Theodor Capitani Von Kurnatowski III. Thereafter, Roland Von Kurnatowski Junior was born.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rolands_Son_%E2%80%93_Who_Is_Theo_Von\"><\/span><strong>Roland&#8217;s Son &#8211; Who Is Theo Von?&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He was officially born as Theodor Capitani Von Kurnatowski III on March 19, 1980. Accordingly, Theo Von is 46 years old. His birth took place in Covington, Louisiana, USA. He started his comedy career back in 2000 and still hasn\u2019t retired after all these years. There are several mediums that he used throughout his professional journey.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, stand-up comedy, podcasts, television shows, and films. Theo Von is known for his surreal humour and observational comedy. He has covered a wide spectrum of themes and topics in his jokes. This includes human behaviour, American politics, and sexuality.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Career_Professional_Journey\"><\/span><strong>Career &amp; Professional Journey&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not much else is known about Roland\u2019s career aside from the fact that he was a businessman. His business ventures were mostly in Louisiana, USA. The names of his companies and investments are undisclosed. Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr definitely earned a lot of success and wealth from his business journey.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Roland_Von_Kurnatowski_Sr_Net_Worth\"><\/span><strong>Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. Net Worth&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no information regarding Roland\u2019s net worth at the time of his death. According to estimates, it was around USD 5 million. This was a huge amount back then. This wealth shows that Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr was a successful businessman.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Media_Handles\"><\/span><strong>Social Media Handles&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr never got the chance to explore social media platforms. Needless to say, his verified accounts do not exist online.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trivia\"><\/span><strong>Trivia\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Roland emerged from the Kurnatowski family line.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to sources, he had Polish ancestry.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He was born in Nicaragua and raised there for a while before his family relocated to the USA.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Roland\u2019s son, Theo Von, often talks about him during podcasts, interviews, or comedy sets.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr passed away, Theo was a 16-year-old teenager.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As a comedian, Theo Von often gets his material from his father\u2019s personality and family life.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cancer took Roland\u2019s life, and he was in Louisiana at the time.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span><strong>FAQs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1781543953569\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_did_his_son_become_famous\"><\/span><strong>How did his son become famous?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Theo Von accumulated millions of followers as a comedian and podcaster.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1781543960330\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_was_Roland_born\"><\/span><strong>When was Roland born?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>He came into this world on November 28, 1912.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1781543968024\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_was_he_married_to\"><\/span><strong>Who was he married to?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr\u2019s wife was Gina Capitani before the divorce.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, Read:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/kjellfrid-irene-andreassen\/\">Kjellfrid Irene Andreassen<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/brita-ingegerd-olaisson\/\">Brita Ingegerd Olaisson<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wynter-merin-finley\/\">Wynter Merin Finley<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/zulekha-haywood\/\">Zulekha Haywood<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/blanca-clemente\/\">Blanca Clemente<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/mary-jolivet-biography\/\">Mary Jolivet<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/jeff-tietjens\/\">Jeff Tietjens<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/diane-plese\/\">Diane Plese<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Roland Von Kurnatowski Sr. wasn\u2019t directly associated with the entertainment world. Instead, he became famous because of his son, named&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3525,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biography"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3511"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3511\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3512,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3511\/revisions\/3512"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derekdemars.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}